7 Things to Know About the 1 in 5 with Learning and Attention Issues Many of the reading problems students encounter are related to the five components of reading (phonological and phonemic awareness, word decoding and phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension) covered in Target the Problem! For some students, however, the problem may be the result of a combination of factors – weakness in one or more of the five components and difficulty with some form of processing.